Íslenskt mál og almenn málfræði - 01.01.2021, Page 148

ing the phenomenon under research and, if so, to what extent (intertypo-
logical analysis).
2) Typological analysis. It focuses on a) categorizing the word pairs accord-
ing to their semantic field, and b) classifying loanwords and native words
according to their typology and identifying the foreign source of semantic
and structural calques when possible.
a) The semantic classification of the word pairs is carried out differently
for nouns and adjectives on the one hand and for verbs on the other.
Verbs are classified according to the event they denote (e.g. an action),
whereas nouns and adjectives are grouped according to the entity they
describe (e.g. an item of equipment, a religious entity, a psychological
state, etc.).
b) The classification follows the model described above (§ 2.3), thus
loanwords are classified as necessity or prestige borrowings, whereas
native words are classified as structural or semantic calques, neofor-
mations or inherited lexemes.
3) Etymological analysis. It comprises a reassessment of earlier etymolo-
gies, in particular for loanwords, and it is concerned with amending these,
wherever deemed necessary. Moreover, it establishes a loanword/native
word relative chronology, i.e. it determines whether it was the loanword
or the native word to have first been used in the lexicon.

3. Loanword/native word dynamics
As mentioned above (§ 2.1), loanwords and native words were found to appear in
four different ways in the texts. In the following, these dynamics are exemplified.

3.1 Intrastemmatic variation
A loanword and a native word are said to be alternating intrastemmatically when they
are found in the same locus in different manuscript witnesses of a given work. E.g.:
• djǫfull – andskoti (Veraldar saga, ed. Jakob Benediktsson 1944:4, line 2)
MS A (AM 625 4to)
ok varð in versti gvð anskoti oc þeir englar allir er eptir honvm hvrfo.
MSS B2,3 (AM 626 4to, Stock. perg. 9 4to)
ok varð ath diofli ok þeir englar allir er hvrfo eptir honvm.

3.2 Simple alternation
The variation between loanword and native word is called simple alternation
when the two lexemes are found to be alternating freely in a given work (or in
the majority of the manuscript witnesses). E.g.:
Matteo Tarsi148