Helga Law Journal - 01.01.2021, Side 147

Helga Law Journal - 01.01.2021, Side 147
Helga Law Journal Vol. 1, 2021 152 International Legal Research Group 153 than not the declarations have been responded too and subsequent changes made.110 3.3 How did the ECHR Change the UK Legal System in Terms of the Right to Protest? The seemingly checkered track record of the UK courts of protecting human rights is also apparent in the right to protest. The right to engage in public protest has not historically been recognised in British law. In Duncan v Jones, Lord Hewart stated that “English law does not recognize any special right of public meeting for political or other purposes.”111 Therefore, the introduction of the ECHR and the HRA has provided a more recognizable right to protest in the form of the combination of Articles 10 and 11 in British law. Article 10 guarantees the right to freedom of expression, “the right includes freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.”112 In addition, Article 11 guarantees the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association with others. However, both of these rights are not absolute, the exercise of both these rights may be subject to restrictions “as prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society.”113 Any interference with either of these rights must also be proportionate. The three-part proportionality test set out by the ECtHR seeks to establish: (i) whether the legislative objective is sufficiently important to justify limiting a fundamental right; (ii) whether the measures designed to meet the legislative objective are rationally connected to it; and (iii) whether the means used to impair the right or freedom are no more than is necessary to accomplish the objective.114 The third part of the test articulated in De Freitas protects the right to protest by ensuring that any policy that restricts either the right to expression or the right to peaceful assembly cannot be draconian and must be measured. There is a positive obligation on the state to ensure that people can engage in lawful peaceful protest. In Arzte fur das Leben v Austria, the ECtHR noted that “Article 11 sometimes requires positive measures to be taken even in the sphere of relations between individuals.”115 Meanwhile, there is the negative obligation on the state, which establishes “the right not to be prevented or restricted by the state from meeting and associating with others to pursue particular aims, except 110 Alice Donald, Jane Gordon and Philip Leach, The UK and the European Court of Human Rights Equality and Human Rights Commission, Research Report 83. 111 Duncan v Jones [1936] 1.K.B. 218, 222. 112 European Convention on Human Rights, Article 10, section 1. 113 ibid, section 2. 114 For an application of the proportionality test see De Freitas v The Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing and Others [1999] 1 AC 69, 80. 115 Plattform “Ärzte für das Leben” v Austria no. 10126/82, ECHR 1988 [32-33]. to the extent allowed by Article 11(2).”116 Before the enactment of the HRA, the protection of fundamental rights of British individuals often (albeit, not always117) relied on the Wednesbury test of reasonableness. Lord Greene stated that a decision is unreasonable when it is “so absurd that no sensible person could ever dream that it lay within the powers of the authority.118” The Wednesbury test that resulted was a strong indication of judicial restraint in ruling against authorities.119 Nonetheless, the British courts did recognize the importance of protecting human life and liberty by applying the ‘anxious scrutiny’ test, displayed in Bugdaycay, Lord Bridge states “the court must…be entitled to subject an administrative decision to more rigorous examination, to ensure that it is in no way flawed, according to the gravity of the issue which the decision determines.”120 The ‘anxious scrutiny’ test, although milder than the Wednesbury test, was ultimately dismissed by the ECtHR in Smith and Grady v The United Kingdom and was described by the ECtHR as “still effectively excluding any consideration of whether the national security and public order aims pursued struck a balance with the interference with rights.”121 The introduction of the Human Rights Act, which allows individuals to rely on the ECHR in domestic courts led to the British Courts embracing the tests of proportionality, used by the ECtHR in assessing human rights claims. 3.3.1 Must the Courts Follow ECtHR Decisions? The issue of whether the domestic courts must follow ECtHR decisions has been thoroughly discussed by the British Courts since the inception of the Human Rights Act. Section 2 of the Human Rights Act subsection 1(a) provides that “a court or tribunal determining a question which has arisen in connection with a Convention right must take into account any judgment, decision, declaration or advisory opinion of the European Courts of Human Rights.”122 The key words 116 Aldemir v Turkey, no 32124/02, ECHR 2009 [41], and Human Rights Joint Committee, Demonstrating respect for rights? A human rights approach to policing protest (Seventh Report, 2009) HL 45/HC 328 [17]-[18]. Retrieved on 01 July 2018 from https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtrights/47/4702.htm. 117 Daniel Wei Wang, ‘From Wednesbury Unreasonableness to Accountability for Reasonableness’ [2017] 76(3) Cambridge Law Journal 642, and Michael Fordham, ‘Wednesbury’ [2007] 12(4) Judicial Review 266. 118 Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 K.B. 223, 229. 119 “In Wednesbury… the licence [of a cinema operator] included a condition that no child under 15 could be admitted, whether accompanied by an adult or not. This decision was taken having regard to the well-being and moral health of children likely to visit the cinema. The local licensing authority had a wide discretion in relation to licences and could impose ‘such conditions as the authority [thought] fit.”’ Justin Leslie and Gavin McLeon, ‘Judicial review: Wednesbury unreasonableness’ (Westlaw Insight, 13 March 2015) [2]-[3]. 120 Bugdaycay v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1987] A.C. 514, 531. 121 Smith and Grady v United Kingdom [1999] 29 EHRR 493. 122 Human Rights Act 1998 section 2(1).
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