Læknaneminn


Læknaneminn - 01.04.2020, Qupperneq 47

Læknaneminn - 01.04.2020, Qupperneq 47
R itr ýn t ef ni R itr ýn t e fn i 4 7 hvort um röskun í mið- eða innra eyra er að ræða. Til staðfestingar á sjúkdómnum þarf að taka háskerpu tölvusneiðmynd af gagnauga- beinum.58 Meðferð heilkennisins felst í skurðaðgerð til lokunar á rofinu. Sú aðgerð sem er hefbundin og mest notuð heitir miðgrófar nálgun (middle fossa approach). Helsti galli aðgerðarinnar er að í henni felst talsvert inngrip vegna þess að gerð er kúpuopnun (craniotomy). Á undanförnum árum hafa minna ífarandi aðgerðir verið þróaðar til þess að stytta aðgerðartímann og hugsanlega minnka líkur á fylgikvillum. Ýmist er þá farið í gegnum stikilsbein (mastoid bone) eða gerð holsjárspeglun í lítilli kúpuopnun til þess að loka rofinu. Önnur lítið ífarandi aðferð er að styrkja snigilglugga (round window) eyrans með brjóski eða vöðvahimnu til þess að koma í veg fyrir áhrif hins svokallaða þriðja glugga beinvölundarhússins. Frekari rannsókna er þörf til þess að kanna útkomu og árangur af þessum nýrri aðgerðum.57, 58 Aðrar mismunagreiningar Hér að ofan hefur verið fjallað um nokkrar mismunagreiningar svima af útlægum orsökum. Það eru þó fleiri sjúkdómar sem koma til greina en ekki verður fjallað nánar um þá hér. Helst má nefna miðeyrnabólgu, utanvessa fistil (perilymphatic fistula),16 snigil- glugga hersli (otosclerosis),4 sýkingar í eyra á borð við ristil (herpes zoster oticus)60 og andar- paroxýsmíu (vestibular paroxysmia).61 Samantekt Svimi er algengt einkenni sem hefur margar mismunagreiningar. Það sem skiptir mestu máli í uppvinnslu svima er að greina hættulegar orsakir frá þeim sem ekki eru hættulegar til þess að hægt sé að bregðast skjótt við í þeim tilfellum sem líf og heilsa sjúklinga er í hættu. Þar skiptir góð saga og skoðun höfuðmáli þar sem greining á milli mismunandi orsaka er oft klínísk. Algengasta orsök svima er stöðusteinaflakk, en aðrar algengar orsakir eru andarmígreni og andartaugabólga. Sjaldgæfari orsakir eru völundarsvimi og rof á efri bogagöngum. Heimildir 1. Örnólfsson ÁE, Hjaltested E, Margrétardóttir ÓB, et al. Svimi á bráðamóttöku - vantar á okkur klíníska nefið? Læknablaðið 2016; 102: 551-5. 2. Kerber KA, Meurer WJ, West BT, et al. Dizziness presentations in U.S. emergency departments, 1995-2004. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 744-50. 3. Kim AS, Sidney S, Klingman JG, et al. Practice variation in neuroimaging to evaluate dizziness in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30: 665-72. 4. Muncie HL, Sirmans SM, James E. Dizziness: Approach to Evaluation and Management. American family physician 2017; 95: 154-62. 5. Newman-Toker DE, Cannon LM, Stofferahn ME, et al. Imprecision in patient reports of dizziness symptom quality: a cross-sectional study conducted in an acute care setting. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 1329-40. 6. Newman-Toker DE, Dy FJ, Stanton VA, et al. How often is dizziness from primary cardiovascular disease true vertigo? A systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 2087-94. 7. Bisdorff A, Von Brevern M, Lempert T, et al. Classification of vestibular symptoms: towards an international classification of vestibular disorders. Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation 2009; 19: 1-13. 8. West PD, Sheppard ZA, King EV. Comparison of techniques for identification of peripheral vestibular nystagmus. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2012; 126: 1209-15. 9. Kroenke K, Hoffman RM, Einstadter D. How common are various causes of dizziness? A critical review. Southern medical journal 2000; 93: 160-7. 10. Ekdale EG. Form and function of the mammalian inner ear. J Anat 2016; 228: 324-37. 11. Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray’s Anatomy for students. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia 2015. 12. You P, Instrum R, Parnes L. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 4: 116-23. 13. Argaet EC, Bradshaw AP, Welgampola MS. Benign positional vertigo, its diagnosis, treatment and mimics. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice 2019; 4: 97-111. 14. Raphan T, Cohen B. The vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions. Experimental brain research 2002; 145: 1-27. 15. Stahl JS, Leigh RJ. Nystagmus. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2001; 1: 471-7. 16. Spiegel R, Kirsch M, Rosin C, et al. Dizziness in the emergency department: an update on diagnosis. Swiss medical weekly 2017; 147: w14565. 17. Pietkiewicz P, Pepas R, Sulkowski WJ, et al. Electronystagmography versus videonystagmography in diagnosis of vertigo. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health 2012; 25: 59-65. 18. Brandt T, Dieterich M. The dizzy patient: don’t forget disorders of the central vestibular system. Nature reviews Neurology 2017; 13: 352-62. 19. Zwergal A, Mohwald K, Dieterich M. [Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency room]. Der Nervenarzt 2017; 88: 587-96. 20. Beynon GJ, Jani P, Baguley DM. A clinical evaluation of head impulse testing. Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences 1998; 23: 117-22. 21. Halmagyi GM, Chen L, MacDougall HG, et al. The Video Head Impulse Test. Frontiers in neurology 2017; 8: 258. 22. von Brevern M. Acute dizziness and vertigo: The bedside testing is essential. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6: 133-4. 23. Hotson JR, Baloh RW. Acute vestibular syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 680-5. 24. Ahsan SF, Syamal MN, Yaremchuk K, et al. The costs and utility of imaging in evaluating dizzy patients in the emergency room. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 2250-3. 25. von Brevern M, Radtke A, Lezius F, et al. Epidemiology of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 710-5. 26. Korres S, Balatsouras DG, Kaberos A, et al. Occurrence of semicircular canal involvement in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2002; 23: 926-32. 27. von Brevern M, Bertholon P, Brandt T, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: Diagnostic criteria. Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation 2015; 25: 105-17. 28. Dix MR, Hallpike CS. The pathology symptomatology and diagnosis of certain common disorders of the vestibular system. Proc R Soc Med 1952; 45: 341-54. 29. Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update). Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2017; 156: S1-s47. 30. Epley JM. The canalith repositioning procedure: for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 1992; 107: 399-404. 31. White JA, Coale KD, Catalano PJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of lateral semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2005; 133: 278-84. 32. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke 2009; 40: 3504-10.
Qupperneq 1
Qupperneq 2
Qupperneq 3
Qupperneq 4
Qupperneq 5
Qupperneq 6
Qupperneq 7
Qupperneq 8
Qupperneq 9
Qupperneq 10
Qupperneq 11
Qupperneq 12
Qupperneq 13
Qupperneq 14
Qupperneq 15
Qupperneq 16
Qupperneq 17
Qupperneq 18
Qupperneq 19
Qupperneq 20
Qupperneq 21
Qupperneq 22
Qupperneq 23
Qupperneq 24
Qupperneq 25
Qupperneq 26
Qupperneq 27
Qupperneq 28
Qupperneq 29
Qupperneq 30
Qupperneq 31
Qupperneq 32
Qupperneq 33
Qupperneq 34
Qupperneq 35
Qupperneq 36
Qupperneq 37
Qupperneq 38
Qupperneq 39
Qupperneq 40
Qupperneq 41
Qupperneq 42
Qupperneq 43
Qupperneq 44
Qupperneq 45
Qupperneq 46
Qupperneq 47
Qupperneq 48
Qupperneq 49
Qupperneq 50
Qupperneq 51
Qupperneq 52
Qupperneq 53
Qupperneq 54
Qupperneq 55
Qupperneq 56
Qupperneq 57
Qupperneq 58
Qupperneq 59
Qupperneq 60
Qupperneq 61
Qupperneq 62
Qupperneq 63
Qupperneq 64
Qupperneq 65
Qupperneq 66
Qupperneq 67
Qupperneq 68
Qupperneq 69
Qupperneq 70
Qupperneq 71
Qupperneq 72
Qupperneq 73
Qupperneq 74
Qupperneq 75
Qupperneq 76
Qupperneq 77
Qupperneq 78
Qupperneq 79
Qupperneq 80
Qupperneq 81
Qupperneq 82
Qupperneq 83
Qupperneq 84
Qupperneq 85
Qupperneq 86
Qupperneq 87
Qupperneq 88
Qupperneq 89
Qupperneq 90
Qupperneq 91
Qupperneq 92
Qupperneq 93
Qupperneq 94
Qupperneq 95
Qupperneq 96
Qupperneq 97
Qupperneq 98
Qupperneq 99
Qupperneq 100
Qupperneq 101
Qupperneq 102
Qupperneq 103
Qupperneq 104
Qupperneq 105
Qupperneq 106
Qupperneq 107
Qupperneq 108
Qupperneq 109
Qupperneq 110
Qupperneq 111
Qupperneq 112
Qupperneq 113
Qupperneq 114
Qupperneq 115
Qupperneq 116
Qupperneq 117
Qupperneq 118
Qupperneq 119
Qupperneq 120
Qupperneq 121
Qupperneq 122
Qupperneq 123
Qupperneq 124
Qupperneq 125
Qupperneq 126
Qupperneq 127
Qupperneq 128
Qupperneq 129
Qupperneq 130
Qupperneq 131
Qupperneq 132
Qupperneq 133
Qupperneq 134

x

Læknaneminn

Direct Links

Hvis du vil linke til denne avis/magasin, skal du bruge disse links:

Link til denne avis/magasin: Læknaneminn
https://timarit.is/publication/1885

Link til dette eksemplar:

Link til denne side:

Link til denne artikel:

Venligst ikke link direkte til billeder eller PDfs på Timarit.is, da sådanne webadresser kan ændres uden advarsel. Brug venligst de angivne webadresser for at linke til sitet.