Læknaneminn - 01.04.2020, Page 47

Læknaneminn - 01.04.2020, Page 47
R itr ýn t ef ni R itr ýn t e fn i 4 7 hvort um röskun í mið- eða innra eyra er að ræða. Til staðfestingar á sjúkdómnum þarf að taka háskerpu tölvusneiðmynd af gagnauga- beinum.58 Meðferð heilkennisins felst í skurðaðgerð til lokunar á rofinu. Sú aðgerð sem er hefbundin og mest notuð heitir miðgrófar nálgun (middle fossa approach). Helsti galli aðgerðarinnar er að í henni felst talsvert inngrip vegna þess að gerð er kúpuopnun (craniotomy). Á undanförnum árum hafa minna ífarandi aðgerðir verið þróaðar til þess að stytta aðgerðartímann og hugsanlega minnka líkur á fylgikvillum. Ýmist er þá farið í gegnum stikilsbein (mastoid bone) eða gerð holsjárspeglun í lítilli kúpuopnun til þess að loka rofinu. Önnur lítið ífarandi aðferð er að styrkja snigilglugga (round window) eyrans með brjóski eða vöðvahimnu til þess að koma í veg fyrir áhrif hins svokallaða þriðja glugga beinvölundarhússins. Frekari rannsókna er þörf til þess að kanna útkomu og árangur af þessum nýrri aðgerðum.57, 58 Aðrar mismunagreiningar Hér að ofan hefur verið fjallað um nokkrar mismunagreiningar svima af útlægum orsökum. Það eru þó fleiri sjúkdómar sem koma til greina en ekki verður fjallað nánar um þá hér. Helst má nefna miðeyrnabólgu, utanvessa fistil (perilymphatic fistula),16 snigil- glugga hersli (otosclerosis),4 sýkingar í eyra á borð við ristil (herpes zoster oticus)60 og andar- paroxýsmíu (vestibular paroxysmia).61 Samantekt Svimi er algengt einkenni sem hefur margar mismunagreiningar. Það sem skiptir mestu máli í uppvinnslu svima er að greina hættulegar orsakir frá þeim sem ekki eru hættulegar til þess að hægt sé að bregðast skjótt við í þeim tilfellum sem líf og heilsa sjúklinga er í hættu. Þar skiptir góð saga og skoðun höfuðmáli þar sem greining á milli mismunandi orsaka er oft klínísk. Algengasta orsök svima er stöðusteinaflakk, en aðrar algengar orsakir eru andarmígreni og andartaugabólga. Sjaldgæfari orsakir eru völundarsvimi og rof á efri bogagöngum. Heimildir 1. Örnólfsson ÁE, Hjaltested E, Margrétardóttir ÓB, et al. Svimi á bráðamóttöku - vantar á okkur klíníska nefið? Læknablaðið 2016; 102: 551-5. 2. Kerber KA, Meurer WJ, West BT, et al. Dizziness presentations in U.S. emergency departments, 1995-2004. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 744-50. 3. Kim AS, Sidney S, Klingman JG, et al. Practice variation in neuroimaging to evaluate dizziness in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30: 665-72. 4. Muncie HL, Sirmans SM, James E. Dizziness: Approach to Evaluation and Management. American family physician 2017; 95: 154-62. 5. Newman-Toker DE, Cannon LM, Stofferahn ME, et al. Imprecision in patient reports of dizziness symptom quality: a cross-sectional study conducted in an acute care setting. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 1329-40. 6. Newman-Toker DE, Dy FJ, Stanton VA, et al. How often is dizziness from primary cardiovascular disease true vertigo? A systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 2087-94. 7. Bisdorff A, Von Brevern M, Lempert T, et al. Classification of vestibular symptoms: towards an international classification of vestibular disorders. Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation 2009; 19: 1-13. 8. West PD, Sheppard ZA, King EV. Comparison of techniques for identification of peripheral vestibular nystagmus. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2012; 126: 1209-15. 9. Kroenke K, Hoffman RM, Einstadter D. How common are various causes of dizziness? A critical review. Southern medical journal 2000; 93: 160-7. 10. Ekdale EG. Form and function of the mammalian inner ear. J Anat 2016; 228: 324-37. 11. Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray’s Anatomy for students. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Philadelphia 2015. 12. You P, Instrum R, Parnes L. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 4: 116-23. 13. Argaet EC, Bradshaw AP, Welgampola MS. Benign positional vertigo, its diagnosis, treatment and mimics. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice 2019; 4: 97-111. 14. Raphan T, Cohen B. The vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions. Experimental brain research 2002; 145: 1-27. 15. Stahl JS, Leigh RJ. Nystagmus. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2001; 1: 471-7. 16. Spiegel R, Kirsch M, Rosin C, et al. Dizziness in the emergency department: an update on diagnosis. Swiss medical weekly 2017; 147: w14565. 17. Pietkiewicz P, Pepas R, Sulkowski WJ, et al. Electronystagmography versus videonystagmography in diagnosis of vertigo. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health 2012; 25: 59-65. 18. Brandt T, Dieterich M. The dizzy patient: don’t forget disorders of the central vestibular system. Nature reviews Neurology 2017; 13: 352-62. 19. Zwergal A, Mohwald K, Dieterich M. [Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency room]. Der Nervenarzt 2017; 88: 587-96. 20. Beynon GJ, Jani P, Baguley DM. A clinical evaluation of head impulse testing. Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences 1998; 23: 117-22. 21. Halmagyi GM, Chen L, MacDougall HG, et al. The Video Head Impulse Test. Frontiers in neurology 2017; 8: 258. 22. von Brevern M. Acute dizziness and vertigo: The bedside testing is essential. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6: 133-4. 23. Hotson JR, Baloh RW. Acute vestibular syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 680-5. 24. Ahsan SF, Syamal MN, Yaremchuk K, et al. The costs and utility of imaging in evaluating dizzy patients in the emergency room. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 2250-3. 25. von Brevern M, Radtke A, Lezius F, et al. Epidemiology of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 710-5. 26. Korres S, Balatsouras DG, Kaberos A, et al. Occurrence of semicircular canal involvement in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2002; 23: 926-32. 27. von Brevern M, Bertholon P, Brandt T, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: Diagnostic criteria. Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation 2015; 25: 105-17. 28. Dix MR, Hallpike CS. The pathology symptomatology and diagnosis of certain common disorders of the vestibular system. Proc R Soc Med 1952; 45: 341-54. 29. Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update). Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2017; 156: S1-s47. 30. Epley JM. The canalith repositioning procedure: for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 1992; 107: 399-404. 31. White JA, Coale KD, Catalano PJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of lateral semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2005; 133: 278-84. 32. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke 2009; 40: 3504-10.
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