Tímarit um menntarannsóknir - 01.01.2010, Page 25

Tímarit um menntarannsóknir - 01.01.2010, Page 25
aðbúnaði og viðhorfum í samfélaginu (sbr. lög um fávitahæli, 1936). í rannsókninni kemur fram að upplifun og reynsla barna og ungmenna með þroskahömlun er að mörgu leyti frábrugðin reynslu ófatlaðra jafnaldra þeirra. sem dæmi má nefna stofnana - vist og ófrjósemisaðgerðir á unga aldri og að fæstir nutu hefðbundinnar skólagöngu. Þess vegna má halda því fram að langt fram á 20. öld hafi fólk með þroskahömlun verið svipt þeim tækifærum sem flestum öðrum þjóð - félagsþegnum buðust. Þetta á þó ekki við um þann tíma sem fólkið bjó í heimahögum, en eins og áður segir upplifðu flestir hann sem afar jákvætt tímabil í lífi sínu. í túlkunarfræðilegri nálgun eins og hér hefur verið beitt er ekki reynt að sanna vitnisburð lífssögupersónanna. Ég leitaði fyrst og fremst eftir því að laða fram sjónarhorn og raddir fólksins sem tók þátt í rannsókninni. Tilgangur minn var að fá fram það sem skipti fólkið máli og hafði tilfinningalegt gildi fyrir það. í slíkri nálgun er lögð áhersla á að ætlunin er ekki að sanna sögu manneskjunnar eða alhæfa út frá henni heldur að varpa ljósi á daglegt líf, upplif - anir og innra sjálf manneskjunnar (Denzin, 1989). Ég held því ekki fram að allt sem fólkið hefur sagt mér eða túlkanir mínar og þeirra á persónulegri reynslu sinni og upplifun sé hinn eini rétti sannleikur. annar rannsakandi hefði að öllum líkindum skoðað lífssögurnar frá öðru sjónarhorni og á annan veg en ég hef gert og túlkað þær með öðrum hætti. aftur á móti hef ég notað fjölbreytt gögn til að túlka veruleika fólksins og upplifanir, og skoðað líf þess frá mörgum hliðum. Lífssögur fólksins gefa fágæta sýn inn í heim sem hefur að mestu verið hulinn og geta varpað ljósi á ótalmarga þætti í lífi þess. abstract The voices of people with intellectual dis - abilities: Memories from childhood The voices of people with intellectual disabilities have for the most part been absent in the study of icelandic history. instead, other people have spoken on their behalf and described their lives. The research presented in this paper explores the hidden history of people with intellectual disabilities and provides a space for their voices. The research is based on eight life histories of people with intellectual disabilities born in the first half of the 20th century. Other participants included their siblings and staff members from the disability service system. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge of the everyday lives and experiences of this group of icelanders. in this article the aim is to shed light on memories and experiences from their childhood. in particular, i have examined the ways in which the scientific knowledge and the dominant ideology about people with intel - lectual disabilities have shaped their daily lives and possibilities. The study was framed within the qualitative research tradition and data were collected through interviews, participant observation, focus groups, and document analysis. a research group was also established as a part of the research process. Participants in the group, besides myself, were four of the life historians. The work in the research group was based on the inclusive research approach where the participants with intellectual disabilities are close collaborators and involved in all stages of the research process. The study is placed in the new field of disability studies, which rejects the dominant bio-medical, individualised understanding of disability. instead, disability studies advocate for social approaches in exploring disability. The findings of the study indicate that the difficulties encountered by the participants were primarily created by the negative and stereo typical understanding of intellectual disability rooted in eugenic arguments and the medical view of disability. These approaches to dis ability created the basis on which the partici pants were treated by the larger society and the majority of them were removed from their families, often at a young age, institutionalised and segregated from other community memb ers. The further influence of these attitudes resulted in the sterilisation of most of the women – the youngest was 14 years old when she had to undergo sterilisation, and very limited or no formal education. in spite of this these life historians have good memories from their childhood which are connected to life with their families and friends. Their childhood memo - 25Raddir fólks með þroskahömlun Tímarit um menntarannsóknir, 7. árgangur 2010 Tímarit um menntarannsóknir_Layout 1 1/17/11 5:18 PM Page 25
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