Ritið : tímarit Hugvísindastofnunar - 01.01.2016, Side 67

Ritið : tímarit Hugvísindastofnunar - 01.01.2016, Side 67
66 útbreiðslu hugmyndafræðinnar segir Harvey að frá áttunda áratug tuttug- ustu aldar hafi „stjórnmálaleg og efnahagsleg hugsun og athafnir“ hneigst til nýfrjálshyggju og að „ríki gömlu Sovétríkjanna, auk gamaldags félags- legra lýðræðisríkja og velferðarríkja eins og Nýja Sjálands og Svíþjóðar, hafi tekið kenningum nýfrjálshyggjunnar fegins hendi í einhverri mynd, sum af sjálfsdáðum en önnur vegna þvingunarúrræða.“72 Hnattvæðingin hefur þannig verið talin eitt einkenni nýfrjálshyggju í samtímanum73 og jafnvel verið lýst sem afbrigði af heimsvaldastefnu.74 Bandaríski stjórnmálafræðingurinn Wendy Brown hefur fjallað um víðtæk áhrif nýfrjálshyggju á innviði samfélagsins. Hún segir hugmynda- fræðina móta hina ýmsu þætti samfélaga, allt frá sjálfsmynd þegnanna til menntastefnu og annarra athafna ríkisins. Með hliðsjón af kenningum Michel Foucault bendir hún á að þó „rökvísi (e. rationality) nýfrjálshyggju setji markaðinn í forgrunn snúist hún hvorki einungis né jafnvel aðal- lega um efnahaginn; [nýfrjálshyggja] snýst um að framlengja og breiða út [hugmyndina um] markaðsvirði til allra stofnana og félagslegra athafna“. Brown telur rökvísi nýfrjálshyggjunnar þannig birtast sem almenna stjórn- visku (e. governmentality) sem taki til fleiri þátta en stjórnsýslu ríkisins, einnig til samfélagslegra ákvarðana einstaklinga og hópa.75 Greina má appropriate to such practices.“ David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, bls. 2. 72 „There has everywhere been an emphatic turn towards neoliberalism in political- economic practices and thinking since the 1970s. Deregulation, privatization, and withdrawal of the state from many areas of social provision have been all too common. Almost all states, from those newly minted after the collapse of the Soviet Union to old-style social democracies and welfare states such as New Zealand and Sweden, have embraced, some voluntarily and in other instances in response to coercive pressures, some version of neoliberal theory and adjusted at least some policies and practices accordingly.“ Sama heimild, bls. 2. 73 Alejandro Colás, „Neoliberalism, Globalisation and International Relations“, Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader, London: Pluto Press, 2005, bls. 70–80. 74 Hugo Radice, „Neoliberal Globalisation: Imperialism without Empires?“, Neolibe- ralism: A Critical Reader, London: Pluto Press, 2005, bls. 91–98. 75 „[N]eoliberalism carries a social analysis that, when deployed as a form of go- vernmentality, reaches from the soul of the citizen-subject to education policy to practices of empire. Neoliberal rationality, while foregrounding the market, is not only or even primarily focused on the economy; it involves extending and disseminating market values to all institutions and social action“. Wendy Brown, „Neoliberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy“, Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005, bls. 37–59, hér bls. 39. Brown heldur áfram að þróa hugmyndir sínar um nýfrjálshyggju í bók sinni Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution, New York: Zone Books, MaGnúS ÖRn SiGuRðSSon
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