Helga Law Journal - 01.01.2021, Page 216

Helga Law Journal - 01.01.2021, Page 216
Helga Law Journal Vol. 1, 2021 220 International Legal Research Group 221 The prefects could restrain person from protest during the labour Law. The Constitution Council decided that the measure was not proportionate and violates constitutional rights. Article 8§3, which forbade the residence of any person seeking to obstruct the public authorities actions, was also censored but the legislator manages to make it more flexible it including the condition of a “serious reason to think that the person can represent a threat to the security and the public order”. In conclusion, France applied Article 15 of the ECHR in the context of the state of emergency between November 13, 2015, and November 1st, 2017. During that period, administrative police used its extended power to ban protests in order to preserve peace and public order. The use of theses powers raised questions surrounding the legitimacy of the protests’ prohibitions. In fact, the authorities used the derogation of Article 15 not only to prevent France from a “public emergency” but also to avoid any public disturbance. 5 What positive obligations does your State assume to guarantee the enjoyment of the right to protest and to protect against the interference of private parties? Article 431-1 paragraph 1 of the Penal Code provides that "the act of hindering, in a concerted manner and with the help of threats, the exercise of freedom of expression, of work, of association rally participants in a territorial assembly or territorial event is punished by imprisonment and a fine of € 15,000."38 Thus, the right to demonstrate is a right recognized and regulated by the penal code. The article L211-4 of the code of the internal security39 decree-law of 1935 states that "the authority invested with police powers considers that the planned demonstration is likely to disturb public order, it is prohibited by a duly motivated decision to avoid a cancellation by an administrative jurisdiction." To make a prohibition order, two conditions must therefore be met: A real danger of serious disturbances and the absence of another effective means of maintaining public order Any prohibition order must be immediately notified by a judicial police officer to the signatories of the declaration. The latter must, unless refused, signed a Notification Process. If this notification is impossible, advertising must be done by any means. If this prohibition is pronounced by the mayor, the prohibition order is transmitted within 24 hours to the Police Commissioner. If the considers that this prohibition is not justified, he may appeal to the Administrative Tribunal to have the order annulled. Conversely, a Police Commissioner can replace the mayor who has not issued a prohibition order if he considers that the event is likely 38 Penal Code, Article 431-1 para 1. 39 Internal Security Code, Article L211-4. to disturb public order. Because the freedom to demonstrate responds to a system of prior declaration, the judge exercises maximum control of administrative decisions in this area, that is to say, a control that meets the standards of the case law Benjamin (EC May 19, 1933). For example, the ban on the Tibetan community in France on the occasion of a visit by the President of the People's Republic of China was cancelled on the double ground that the possible violation of "international relations of the Republic "is foreign to considerations of public order on the one hand, and that a general prohibition order exceeded, on the other hand, what was required by the maintenance of order (EC Nov. 12). 1997, No. 169295). The fact remains that the cancellation in 1997 of a protest order issued in 1994 has little effect on the effectiveness of the rights of those concerned. From this point of view, the introduction of the interim release by the Act of June 30, 2000, here as elsewhere, changed the situation: freedom of demonstration, fundamental freedom within the meaning of Article L. 521-2 CJA ( CE, ord., Jan. 5, 2007, Min of the interior c / Assoc "Solidarity of the French", n ° 300311), can from now on be usefully protected, whenever the administrative judge is demanding with regard to the administrative authority, and exercises a genuine control of the proportionality between general and absolute measure (the prohibition) and the reality of the disturbances which it is a question of avoiding and containing. In another case, a Police Commissioner had banned a demonstration of police officers by an order under the pretext that it constituted by "its very existence" a disturbance of public order. This was an error of law. Indeed, such a conception would have led to the deprivation of the right to peaceful demonstration of entire sections of the public service: police, but also magistrates, high officials, etc. It was based on a misinterpretation of Article 29 of the Decree of 9 May 1995 which only prohibits acts or remarks of "nature to bring disrepute to the body to which it belongs or to disturb public order". A peaceful protest, by itself, does not disturb public order. If police officers are deprived of the right to strike and are subject to a duty of discretion and discretion, they enjoy the freedom of demonstration on the public road guaranteed by the decree of October 23, 1935 (under the condition of having done the subject of a prior declaration to the competent authority, which can only prohibit it on the grounds of a threat to public order). In the end, the Toulouse Administrative Court stated, explicitly, that there is no incompatibility in principle between the special reserve obligation imposed on certain officials and the exercise of the freedom to demonstrate. In the private sector, an employer cannot prevent his employee from going to a protest. This is an individual freedom guaranteed by law. The employer can neither sanction nor discriminate, in terms of advancement for example, an employee on strike. However, the latter will not be paid during his absence, unless the strike results from a serious and deliberate breach by the employer of his obligations, or if an agreement to terminate the strike has provided for it.
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