Sagnir - 01.06.2001, Blaðsíða 100

koma umkvörtunum í orð. í stríðsæsingum virðist
litlu máli skipta, hvort erlend misgjörð er ný eða
aldagömul enda verður tíminn afstæður í málflutn-
ingi áróðursmannanna.
Þjóðernishyggja og kynþáttahyggja leggja áherslu
á það hlutverk kvenna að sinna móðurlegum
skyldum sínum svo að kynstofninn gleypist ekki eða
tortímist við erlenda blöndun. Stöðug umræða um
móðurhlutverkið og kynstofninn hefur svo leitt til
„landvinninga" erlendis, þ.e. skipulagðar þjóðernis-
hreinsanir með það að augnamiði að gera sem flestar
erlendar konur þungaðar í krafti naugðana.
Vanmáttur hinna sigruðu hermanna til að verja
konur sínar gegn slíkum voðaverkum breytist oft í
reiði gegn konunum sjálfum. Móðirin milda og
mærin hreina verða á einni nóttu að svikulum og
undanlátssömum portkonum. Þetta er þó ekki algilt
þar sem frásagnir af nauðgunum eigin kvenna eru
markvisst notaðar í stríðsáróðri til að stæla baráttu-
lund hermanna og réttlæta fyrir þeim að svara líku
í líkt.
Það er mikil flónska að vera vitur eftir á en draga
má lærdóm af því sem á undan er gengið. Kvení-
myndir í styrjaldarrekstri á tuttugustu öld voru þrá-
faldlega notaðar af áróðursmeisturum aldarinnar og
hafa beint og óbeint leitt til mikilla óhæfuverka. Við
rannsókn á slíku efni kemur fram ítrekað sama orð-
ræðan og sömu táknmyndir og afleiðingarnar eru
áþekkar. Einungis með því að kynna sér slíkt til hlítar
er fært að þekkja fyrirbærið verði það notað til að
blása til ófriðar á nýrri öld.
Tilvísanaskrá:
1 Woodward, Susan L., Balkatt Tragedy. Chaos and Dissolution after the
Cold War. Washington D. C., 1995, bls. 236.
2 Niarchos, Catherine N., „Women, War, and Rape: Challenges Facing
the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.“ Human Rights
Quarterly, 17, 4 (1995), bls. 649-690.
3 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian“: Rape, Race and Nationa-
lism in France during the First World War.“ Past & Present, 141 (nóv-
ember) 1993. Bls. 171-206. Sjá bls. 179-180.
4 Jowett, Garth S. & O’Donnell, Victoria, Propaganda and Persuasion.
Thousand Oaks, 1999, bls. 14. („...„SOLDIERS OF THE NORTHERN
PROVINCES, LICENTIOUS BRITISH SOLDIERY ARE SLEEPING
WITH YOUR WIVES AND RAPING YOUR DAUGHTERS.““)
5 Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, The Slave Soul of Russia. Moral Masochism
and the Cult of Suffering. New York, 1995, bls. 51. („It’s no great
accomplishment to love a fortunate and grand motherland. It is when she
is weak, small, humbled, even stupid, even depraved-that we should love
her. Precisely, exactly when our “mother“ is drunk, when she tells lies,
when she gets all tangled up in sinfulness-that is when we are obliged not
to leave her.“)
6 Goldstein, Ivo, Croatia. A History. London, 1999, bls. 199.
7 Jowett, Garth S. &c O’Donnell, Victoria, Propaganda and Persuasion,
bls. 281. („The propaganda analyst looks for ideology in both verbal and
visual representations that may reflect preexisting struggles and past situ-
ations, current frames of reference to value systems, and future goals
and objectives. Resonance of symbols of the past encourages people
to apply previously agreed-on ideas to the current and future goals of the propagand-
ist.“)
8 Adam, Peter, Art of the Third Reich. New York, 1995, bls. 150. („If man was shown
as the dominator of nature, woman was represented as nature itself....Woman was an
object; her role was subservient, to be looked at, to be fertilized.“)
9 Kesic, Vesna, „Construction of Gender and Ethnicity in Nationalists Rhetoric in For-
mer Yugoslavia and its bearing on violence.“ ófriður á 20. öld: Frá allsherjarstríði til
þjóðernisstríða. Reykjavík, 2000, bls. 14.
10 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian““, bls. 204.
11 Jowett, Garth S. &c O’Donnell, Victoria, Propaganda and Persuasion, bls. 306.
(„...„This is the greatest woman of all“...“)
12 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian““, bls. 204.
13 Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, The Slave Soul of Russia, bls. 17. („We tend to regard our
native land as a great mother who brings into being, nourishes, protects and cherishes
her sons and daughters and inspires them with love and respect for herself and her tra-
ditions, customs, beliefs and institutions; in return for which her children are prepared
to work and fight for her-and above all to protect her from her enemies; a good deal of
the horror and disgust which is inspired by the idea of an invasion of one’s native land
by a hostile army being due to an unconscious tendency to regard such an invasion as a
desecration and violation of
the mother.“)
14 Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, The Slave Soul of Rttssia, bls. 226.
15 Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, The Slave Soul of Russia, bls. 108.
16 Ivekovic, Rada, „A Feminist Philosophical Approach to Nationalism and Borders.
The Gender of the Nation and the use of Violence.“ París, 2000, bls. 3. („The man (der
Mann) is „whole“ thanks to his symbiotic unity with the maternal body of the nation,
of the army, as his widened bodily boundary. An individual surrenders willingly to a
broader totality out of fear of remaining fragmentcd and weak if isolated. Resorting to
security in groups and relying on violence is a clear sign of seeking a lost Totality, and
the sign of a loss of the „universal“.“)
17 Adam, Peter, Art ofthe Third Reich, bls. 140.
18 Adam, Peter, Art of the Third Reich, bls. 156. („It must seem amazing that women
and girls should return to work at spinning wheels and weaving looms. But this is wholly
natural.[...]This work must be taken up again by the women and girls of the Third
Reich...“)
19 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian““, bls. 182.
20 Rosenberg, Alfred, The Myth of the Twentieth Century. An Evaluation ofthe Spiritu-
al-lntellectual Confrontations of Our Age. New York, 1993, bls. 321. („The entry of
women into the work force lowered the man’s wages. As a result, the period of bachelor-
hood was unnaturally lengthened. This increased the number of unmarried marriageable
women. In turn, this led to the increase of prostitution.“)
21 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian““, bls. 175.
22 Kesic, Vesna, „Construction of Gender and Ethnicity in Nationalists Rhetoric in For-
mer Yugoslavia“, bls. 16. („Croatia experienced a moral collapse, something which only
a woman can experience because there are no loose men. Only a loose woman surrend-
ers without a fight and takes this as inevitable destiny, a fate. Men, however, put up a
fight.“)
23 Kesic, Vesna, „Construction of Gender and Ethnicity in Nationalists Rhetoric in For-
mer Yugoslavia“, bls. 16.
24 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian““, bls. 181-182.
25 Niarchos, Catherine N., „Women, War, and Rape“, bls. 14. („...(loose lips sink
ships)...“)
26 Jowett, Garth S. &c O’Donnell, Victoria, Propaganda and Persuasion, bls. 251. („You
never know who’s listening! CARELESS TALK COSTS LIVES.“)
27 Niarchos, Catherine N., „Women, War, and Rape“. bls. 14.
28 Kesic, Vesna, „Construction of Gender and Ethnicity in Nationalists Rhetoric in For-
mer Yugoslavia“, bls. 18. („Through the mystic unit of woman, land and nation,
the land and the nation were as much violated as the body of a particular woman. A
single human being with unique experience of suffering and pain disappeared and was
turned into powerful national symbol. Women’s bodies were appropriated as national
territory.“)
29 Niarchos, Catherine N., „Women, War, and Rape“. bls. 8.
30 Naimark, Norman M., The Russians in Germany. A History of the Soviet Zone of
Occupation, 1945-1949. Cambridge (Massachusetts), 1995, bls. 113-114.
31 Harris, Ruth, „The „Child of the Barbarian““, bls. 200. („...„ashamed and furious
to come back to a field which he had not been able to inseminate successfully“.“)
32 Kesic, Vesna, „Construction of Gender and Ethnicity in Nationalists Rhetoric in
Former Yugoslavia“, bls. 4.
33 Naimark, Norman M., The Russians in Germany, bls. 107.
34 Kesic, Vesna, „Construction of Gender and Ethnicity in Nationalists Rhetoric in For-
mer Yugoslavia“, bls. 21.
35 Cockburn, Cynthia, „Being Able to Say Neither / Nor“. Punktar frá fundi sem skipu-
lagður var af Peace Brigades International og the National Peace Council í Lundúnum,
14. apríl 1999, bls. 5.
36 Niarchos, Catherine N., „Women, War, and Rape“. bls. 11.
37 Niarchos, Catherine N., „Women, War, and Rape“. bls. 12.
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