Náttúrufræðingurinn - 2010, Blaðsíða 123

123
Tímarit Hins íslenska náttúrufræðifélags
similar to those of other European popu-
lations (55–60% males). Winter sex ratios
of these species were similar to those of
breeding birds, which indicates that the
sexes do not segregate in residential
duck populations in Iceland. The dis-
tance to the mainland probably explains
why these populations are residential in
Iceland. However, all three species pair
relatively early, which in turn precludes
males from excluding females from pre-
ferred wintering areas for longer than
1–2 months. Residential populations of
Icelandic ducks, all of which pair early in
winter, may have taken the first evolu-
tionary steps towards speciation similar
to the “Island waterfowl” in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Þakkir
Kveikjan að þessari grein varð til þegar ég var meistaranemi á árunum
1997–2000, undir leiðsögn Arnþórs Garðarssonar. Er Arnþóri þökkuð leiðsögn
og hvatning, hér eftir sem hingað til. Erpur Snær Hansen las yfir handritið og
færði ýmislegt til betri vegar.
Heim ild ir
Donald, P.F. 2007. Adult sex ratios in wild bird populations. Ibis 149. 1.
671–692.
Becker, P.H., Ezard, T.H.G., Ludwigs, J.-D., Sauer-Gürth, H. & Wink, M. 2.
2008. Population sex ratio shift from fledging to recruitment: conse-
quences for demography in a philopatric seabird. Oikos 117. 60–68.
Weimerskirch, J., Lallemand, J. & Martin, J. 2005. Population sex ratio 3.
variation in a monogamous long-lived bird, the wandering albatross.
Journal of Animal Ecology 74. 285–291.
Ankney, C.D. 1982. Sex ratio varies with egg sequence in lesser snow 4.
geese. Auk 99. 662–666.
Badyaev, A.V. 2002. Sex-biased hatching order and adaptive population 5.
divergence in a passerine bird. Science 295. 316–318.
Bellrose, F.C. 1980. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Stackpole 6.
Books, Harrisburg, Pennslyvania. 540 bls.
McKinney, F. 1986. Ecological factors influencing the social systems of 7.
migratory dabbling ducks. Í: Ecological aspects of social evolution. (ritstj.
Rubenstein, D.I. & Wrangham, R.W.). Princeton University Press, Princ-
eton, New Jersey. Bls. 153–171.
Blums, P. & Mednis, A. 1996. Secondary sex ratios in Anatinae. Auk 113. 8.
505–511.
Swennen, C., Duiven, P. & Reyrink, L.A. 1979. Notes on the sex ratio in 9.
the common eider Somateria mollissima (L). Ardea 67. 54–61.
Brewer, G. 1991. Courtship of ducklings by adult male Chiloe wigeon 10.
(Anas sibilatrix). Auk 108. 969–973.
Oring, L.W. & Sayler, R.D. 1992. The mating systems of waterfowl. Í: 11.
Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl (ritstj. Batt, B.B.J.,
Afton, A.D., Anderson, M.G., Ankney, C.D., Johnson, D.H., Kadlec, J.A.
& Krapu, G.L.). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Bls. 190–213.
Rohwer, F.C. & Anderson, M.G. 1988. Female-biased philopatry, monog-12.
amy, and the timing of pair formation in migratory waterfowl. Current
Ornithology 5. 187–221.
McKinney, F. 1985. Primary and secondary male reproductive strategies 13.
of dabbling ducks. Ornithological Monographs 37. 68–82.
Gibson, R.M., Pires, D., Delaney, K.S. & Wayne, R.K. 2005. Microsatellite 14.
DNA analysis shows that greater sage grouse leks are not kin groups.
Molecular Ecology 14. 4453–4459.
Eliassen, S. & Wegge, P. 2007. Ranging behaviour of male capercaillie 15.
Tetrao urogallus outside the lekking ground in spring. Journal of Avian
Biology 38. 37–43.
Hepp, G.R. 1984. Dominance in wintering Anatinae: potential effects on 16.
clutch size and time of nesting. Wildfowl 35. 132–134.
Afton, A.D. & Sayler, R.D. 1982. Social courtship and pairbonding of 17.
common goldeneyes, Bucephala clangula, wintering in Minnesota.
Canadian Field-Naturalist 98. 295–300.
Newton, I. 1998. Population limitation in birds. Academic Press, San 18.
Diego, California. 597 bls.
Systad, G.H., Bustnes, J.O. & Erikstad, K.E. 2000. Behavioral responses to 19.
decreasing day length in wintering sea ducks. Auk 117. 33–40.
Steele, B.B., Lehikoinen, A., Öst, M. & Kilpi, M. 2007. The cost of mate 20.
guarding in the common eider. Ornis Fennica 84. 49–56.
Jón Einar Jónsson & Arnþór Garðarsson 2001. The pair formation in 21.
relation to climate: mallard, Eurasian wigeon and Eurasian teal winter-
ing in Iceland. Wildfowl 52. 55–68.
Jón Einar Jónsson 2000. Félagskerfi gráanda að vetrarlagi. MS-ritgerð 22.
við líffræðiskor Háskóla Íslands. 99 bls.
Campredon, P. 1983. Sexe et âge ratios chez le canard siffleur 23. Anas
penelope L. en période hivernale en Europe de l’ouest. Revie Ecologie
(Terre vie) 37. 117–128.
Lovvorn, J.R. 1989. Food defendability and antipredator tactics: implica-24.
tions for dominance and pairing in canvasbacks. Condor 91. 826–836.
Kelly, J.F. 1998. Latitudinal variation in sex ratios of belted kingfishers. 25.
Journal of Field Ornithology 69. 386–390.
Liker, A. & Székely, T. 2005. Mortality costs of sexual selection and 26.
parental care in natural populations of birds. Evolution 59. 890–897.
Nichols, J.D. & Haramis, G.M. 1980. Sex-specific differences in winter 27.
distribution patterns of canvasbacks. Condor 82. 406–416.
Jorde, D.G., Krapu, G.L., Crawford, R.D. & Hay, M.A. 1984. Effects of 28.
weather on habitat selection and behavior of mallards wintering in
Nebraska. Condor 86. 258–265.
Owen, M. & Dix, M. 1986. Sex ratios in some common British wintering 29.
ducks. Wildfowl 37. 105–112.
Hepp, G.R. & Hair, J.D. 1984. Dominance in wintering waterfowl 30.
(Anatini): effects on the distribution of the sexes. Condor 86. 251–257.
Thompson, J.D. & Baldassarre, G.A. 1992. Dominance relationships of 31.
dabbling ducks wintering in Yucatan, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 104.
529–536.
Gowaty, P.A. 1993. Differential dispersal, local resource competition, 32.
and sex ratio variation in birds. American Naturalist 141. 263–280.
Nilsson, L. 1976. Sex ratios of Swedish mallard during the non-breeding 33.
season. Wildfowl 27. 91–94.
Arnþór Garðarsson 1991. Fuglalíf við Mývatn og Laxá. Í: Náttúra 34.
Mývatns. (ritstj. Arnþór Garðarsson & Árni Einarsson). Hið íslenska
náttúrufræðifélag, Reykjavík. Bls. 278–319.
Goudie, R.I., Robertson, G.J. & Reed, A. 2000. Common Eider (35. Somateria
mollissima). The Birds of North America, No. 546 (ritstj. Poole, A. & Gill,
F.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennslyvania.
Kilpi, M., Ost, M., Lehikoinen, A. & Vattulainen, A. 2003. Male sex bias 36.
in eiders Somateria mollissima during spring migration into the Gulf of
Finland. Ornis Fennica 80. 137–142.
Scott, D.A. & Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa 37.
and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International. 336 bls.
Guðmundur A. Guðmundsson 1998. Þýðing votlendis fyrir fugla. Í: 38.
Íslensk votlendi (ritstj. Jón S. Ólafsson). Háskólaútgáfan, Reykjavík.
Bls. 167–172.
Arnþór Garðarsson 1982. Endur og aðrir vatnafuglar. Í: Fuglar, Rit Land-39.
verndar 8 (ritstj. Arnþór Garðarsson). Landvernd, Reykjavík. Bls. 77–111.
Kristbjörn Egilsson (ritstj.) 1986. Innnes. Náttúrufar, minjar og landnýt-40.
ing. Staðarvalsnefnd, Reykjavík. 82 bls.
Ólafur K. Nielsen 1992. Tjarnarfuglar. Í: Tjörnin: Saga og lífríki (ritstj. 41.
Ólafur K. Nielsen). Reykjavíkurborg. Bls. 93–153.
Arnþór Garðarsson & Árni Einarsson 1997. Numbers and production of 42.
Eurasian wigeon in relation to conditions in a breeding area, Lake
Myvatn, Iceland. Journal of Animal Ecology 66. 439–451.
Bezzel, E. 1959. Beiträge zur Biologie der Geslechter bei Entenvögeln. 43.
Anzeiger ornithologischer Geslechter Bayern 5. 269–355.
Drilling, N., Titman, R. & McKinney, F. 2002. Mallard (44. Anas platyrhyn-
chos). Í: The Birds of North America, No. 658 (ritstj. Poole, A. & Gill, F.).
The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennslyvania.
Ævar Petersen 1998. Íslenskir fuglar. Vaka-Helgafell, Reykjavík. 312 bls. 45.
Arnþór Garðarsson 2009. Fjöldi æðarfugls, hávellu, toppandar og stokk-46.
andar á grunnsævi að vetri. Bliki 30. 49–54.
Håland, A., Kålås, J.A., Løfaldli, L. & Byrkjedal, I. 1980. Size, sex ratio 47.
and age composition of the urban winter population of mallards Anas
platyrhynchos in Bergen, Norway. Cinclus 3. 65–69.
Weatherbase 2008. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/country.48.
php3?r=EUR&refer=2008. Skoðað 15. janúar 2008.
SAS Institute 1999. SAS User’s guide. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina.49.
Raitasuo, K. 1963. Social behavior of the mallard 50. Anas platyrhynchos in
the course of the annual cycle. Finnish Game Research 24. 1–71.
Kristinn Haukur Skarphéðinsson 1994. Tjón af völdum arna í æðarvörp-51.
um. Umhverfisráðuneytið, skýrsla. 120 bls.
Ævar Petersen & Karl Skírnisson 2001. Lifnaðarhættir æðarfugla á 52.
Íslandi. Í: Æðarfugl og æðarrækt á Íslandi (ritstj. Jónas Jónsson). Mál og
mynd, Reykjavík. Bls. 13–46.
Guillemette, M., Himmelman, J.H., Barette, C. & Reed, A. 1993. Habitat 53.
selection of common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 71. 1259–1266.
Jónas Jónsson 2001. Æðarfugl og æðarrækt á Íslandi. Æðarræktarfélag 54.
Íslands, Reykjavík. Mál og mynd, Reykjavík. 528 bls.
Hario, M. & Hollmén, T.E. 2003. The role of male mate-guarding in 55.
pre-laying common eider Somateria m. mollissima in the northern Baltic
Sea. Ornis Fennica 81. 119–127.
79 1-4#loka.indd 123 4/14/10 8:52:14 PM